Benefits Of Universal Healthcare System - 1399 Words

Since the advent of health insurance in the 1950s, there have been many models of care that are come to the scene in an attempt to both control cost of care and improve quality of care. Insurance models came into being because the fee for service model used until then was proving to increase cost of healthcare without any measure of quality of services and care provided. Health insurance models have evolved from the basic hospital offered insurance to employer sponsored coverage plans. The US health system is broken both financially and quality wise with more than 20% of gross domestic product being spent on healthcare (Blackstone, 2016). There has been discussion to have universal healthcare system similar to Medicare as a method to have a centralized monitoring system of cost. There have also been other systems tried beginning with HMOs in the 1970s in an effort to streamline access to necessary healthcare services by employing a gatekeeper to their access at the primary care levels. With patient dissatisfaction, PPOs were tried which circumvent the necessity of referrals (Hacker, 1998). Either of these models had substantial effect on healthcare outcomes while the cost of healthcare continued to skyrocket. The US spends more than any other country on healthcare but outcomes are not better (Blackstone, 2016). In 2010, under President Obama’s leadership, Affordable Care Act was passed and one of the promising features is the formation of accountable careShow MoreRelatedHow Capitalism Can Save American Healthcare817 Words   |  4 Pagesacronyms are so close in alphabetical sequence; a consumer could easi ly get healthcare plans confused. Dr. David Grazier author of â€Å"How Capitalism Can Save American Healthcare† interviewed a colleague named Bob who agreed that healthcare is too complicated, he shares â€Å"the confusion--the prices are inscrutable, the ever-rising costs, the questionable quality, the chaotic lack of information. That is the micro-level of healthcare† (Grazier). Chapter five from the text Health Policy the organization,Read MoreHow Capitalism Can Save American Healthcare819 Words   |  4 Pagesacronyms are so close in alphabetical sequence; a consumer could easily get healthcare plans confused. Dr. David Grazier author of â€Å"How Capitalism Can Save American Healthcare† interviewed a colleague named Bob, who agreed that healthcare is too complicated, he shares â€Å"the confusion--the prices are inscrutable, the ever-rising costs, the questionable quality, the chaotic lack of information. That is the micro-level of healthcare† (Grazier). Chapter five from the text Health Policy the organizationRead MoreUniversal Healthcare: The benefits Outweigh the Costs Essay1686 Words   |  7 Pagesis held back by its weak healthcare system. As of 2010 the US healthcare system currently ranks the 37th best out of 190 countries (Murray). Before the introduction of the Affordable Care Ac in 2010, the United States had an individual insurance market. It was the responsibility of the individual or their employer to take care of their healthcare costs. On top of this, millions of people could be denied insurance by different agencies due to pre-existing claims. Healthcare was expensive, but the costsRead MoreUniversal Healthcare Vs. Public Healthcare912 Words   |  4 Pagesto give healthcare everyone in a country, an idea which I saw a lot of countries thought about was Universal Healthcare. A system in which the government in a country provides healthcare to every individual. From this system what I notice the government does is provide assistance to its citizens insuring they do not need to think about insuring themselves with a private or public healthcare, however, the same one everyone in the country is using. The great thing about universal healthcare is it canRead MoreUniversal Health Care1668 Words   |  7 PagesBenefit of universal healthcare to the society. It will be difficult to imagine life without health care. Health care today has become a serious issues, and concern because the vast medical costs. The private insurances company denying treatment bills and these have become the concern of the government of United State. The Government has been trying to reform the health care by introducing a universal health care system. A system whereby a basic health needs, can be given to people without denyingRead MoreInequality in Healthcare Essay examples1336 Words   |  6 PagesRunning Head: HEALTHCARE Inequality in healthcare One of the major problems facing our country today is the healthcare crisis. The inequality in our current healthcare system has created a huge gap in the difference between the level and the quality of healthcare that different people receive. Having an improved and reliable health care system available for everyone should be a priority that the government must make available. There are countries whose health care system meets the needsRead MoreThe Issue Of Health Care Coverage1146 Words   |  5 Pagesthere are over forty million Americans are without healthcare coverage and millions more that are underinsured. Their families and they are struggling to afford medical care that should actually be provided to them. There are natural born rights that should be provided to all humans just because it’s morally right. Humans, being an intelligent species, should know that there are certain things that are needed to progress as a whole. Affordable healthcare coverage is on e of those things that should beRead MoreThe High Quality Of Health Care1133 Words   |  5 Pagesaggregate spends significantly more on its healthcare industry, relative to other developed nations, and yet not all Americans have access to adequate health care services. In the present essay I compare the healthcare system in France with the U.S. system in regard to the Triple Aim framework (improving quality of care, improving the health of populations, and reducing the per capita cost of healthcare) to identify alternatives to optimize the U.S. healthcare system as a whole. Subsequently, I apply theRead MoreUniversal Healthcare in the United States1615 Words   |  6 Pagesit is held back by its weak healthcare system. As of 2010 the US healthcare system currently ranks the 37th best out of 190 countries. Before the introduction of the Affordable Care Ac in 2010, the united States had an individual insurance market. It was the responsibility of the individual or their employer, t o take care of their healthcare costs. On top of this millions of people could be denied insurance by different agencies due to pre-existing claims. Healthcare was expensive, but the costsRead MoreHealth Care For The United States1361 Words   |  6 PagesRising healthcare costs in the United States have made healthcare less affordable over time, creating a major public health issue for individuals without insurance. In a Health Affairs study about patient accessibility to care, the differences between adults with and without coverage has broadened from 2000 to 2010.1 The Obama Administration recognized this as an issue, and in 2010 signed into law the Affordable Care Act to make health insurance available and ultimately affordable to all US citizens

Reflection Paper For The Goal A Process Of Ongoing...

ACCT 315 – 01 Daniel Allington Due: April 11, 2017 Reflection Paper for The Goal: A process of ongoing improvement (Goldratt) 1. Say we have identified the bottleneck machine of a production process. List at least four things suggested in the book that will result in a greater throughput without actually expanding the physical capacity of the machine. The setup crew should setup the machine so that it is running parts while they are on their break or lunch to decrease its idle time. Use other machines that can do the same task as the bottlenecks. Outsource the job of the bottleneck to another vendor. Stop running parts for orders that are not immediately needed. Another thing that can be done is have quality control inspection tasks†¦show more content†¦So, to reach your expected target you really need a capacity much larger than your expected output 3. You are the manager of a manufacturing plant. The plant is having trouble making a profit, deliveries are always late, customers are dissatisfied, and the workers in the plant are upset and are threatening a strike. Your boss will close the plant if you don t do a lot better by cutting costs and increasing sales. Besides that, your spouse may divorce you and your children are failing in school. Your staff has come up with the following action plans. Comment on the advisability of each plan in terms of Throughput, Inventory and Operating Expense. I want more than a direction of change. I want a reason for the change. a. The process engineer suggests that you find the most labor-intensive operation that the plant performs. Reduce costs by automating the operation. Jonah always worked with Alex by asking him questions rather than giving him specific answers to the questions being asked. Questions, I would ask and seek answers to would be: Will automating the process actually save costs? Machines typically cost millions of dollars so replacing the work done by human capital with machines, how long will it take to see a difference in the company’s bottom line? What is the return on investment? Would having this machine allow the company to increaseShow MoreRelatedClassroom Environment : A Better Understanding Of Our Schools And Our Educational System Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesteachers have a responsibility to honestly (and constantly) reflect and make needed adjustments to their methodologies. This paper will be structured around and focused upon these core matters in an effort to demonstrate their implications for my future classroom and teaching experiences; In exploring these matters, I will ultimately argue that teaching is trul y a learning process in and of itself. Background Matters In the first few weeks of the course, we focused on the topic of identity. By beginningRead MoreThe Performance Of The Spring Concert1675 Words   |  7 Pages(Allen, 2011). While public performances and community involvement are valuable components of a quality music education program, assessment must be more meaningful than awards or a lack of complaints. In order to be effective, the assessment process should be ongoing, frequent, and individualized. A national study found that professional development in arts assessment is lacking: Respondents see a need for professional development, university training, and certification programs in all art forms to improveRead MoreImproving Performance Management Strategies And Alignment Between And Organizational Goals1694 Words   |  7 Pagesalignment between and organizational goals, and therefore increase overall performance. Timeliness Under the current system the year end review occurs at the earliest in March. In order to create a forward thinking performance management approach within the year end review, it should be given by the end of January. Discussing goals and ways to move forward must occur when the employee has an opportunity to improve their performance and achieve the established goals. Training Managers should receiveRead MoreAn Ideal Learning Practice For The Emergency Airway Management Team1822 Words   |  8 Pagessituations. A structured process of ongoing assessment and performance improvement is integrated into the ideal learning practice. This assessment is multidimensional and focuses on learning and performance of both the individual and the team as a whole. Finally, ongoing performance improvement activities support ongoing learning not by focusing on identifying deficiencies, but by emphasizing the EAM team’s success, encouraging innovation and identifying strategies for improvement. The comparison betweenRead MoreEvaluation Of An Anonymous Questionnaire1281 Words   |  6 Pagesresults, and determining the level of success. The projected timeline for this project is six months; three months to develop the pre-transfer checklist, and another three months to fully implement the checklist and evaluate the outcomes. This is a paper-based tool that is cost-effective and simple to develop. To begin this project, a thorough review of incident reports submitted by Farr 6 nurses will be necessary to provide information as to what issues related to patient transfers have been reportedRead MoreReflection Paper : Evidence Based Management1205 Words   |  5 Pages Reflection Paper: Evidence-Based Management Carolann Stanek University of Mary 630 – Contemporary Issues in Healthcare Administration â€Æ' Reflection Paper: Evidence-Based Management Evidence-based management [EBM] is the use of evidence to make decisions regarding business process, operations, and strategy to improve performance of an organization (McAlearney Kovner, 2013). Using EBM initiates a formal decision-making process in which a problem is identified, evidence is gathered, optionsRead MorePersonal Reflection1034 Words   |  5 PagesPersonal Reflection I am very proud of myself for completing my master’s degree this past May. This is my highest educational accomplishment thus far. Also, I feel blessed for my job as a Spanish teacher at Jackson Elementary. Working in a Title I school district has given me the chance to develop new strategies and skills to meet of disadvantaged, at-risk students. Nonetheless, one of my aspirations is also to be an ESL teacher, so I can help English language learners and assist new immigrantsRead MoreEssay On Health Care Development1509 Words   |  7 Pagesmedical step down unit. The first section of this paper discusses the description of the proposed unit including a mission statement, prioritized values, and an organizational chart depicting how all employees from the unit are connected. This is followed by a description of my preferred leadership style and managerial role, empowerment strategies, conflict resolution, and important interventions. Strong leadership, effective management, cl ear goals, and objectives are key elements for creating a successfulRead MoreEssay about Enabling Learning Through Assessment1414 Words   |  6 Pagesthe teaching style to meet their learning needs and ensure the inclusion of all students, so that they might achieve the best outcome in all stages of the learning process. The use of the initial assessment can be demonstrated in a range of ways, and adjusted to meet the skill level of the learners. Some may be new to the learning process therefore it can be useful to keep this stage of assessment informal, so not to cause too much distress to the learners who may feel pressured by ‘assessment’. OneRead MoreA Most Excellent Goal : Using Goldratts Theory Of Constraints1577 Words   |  7 PagesA Most Excellent Goal: Using Goldratt’s Theory of Constraints A seed contains all the information necessary for its fruit to reproduce and flourish. In 1984, the late Dr. Eliyahu M. Goldratt wrote The Goal, a novel that contains a theory with principles and techniques that have been the catalyst for the operational success of companies and organizations around the world. How did a book, written to support a scheduling system developed by Goldratt to help increase production at a neighbor’s chicken

Policy Tools Free Essays

Command and control regulation as defined by Michael Raegan(1987) is â€Å"a process or activity in which government requires or prescribes certain activities or behavior on the part of individuals or institutions, mostly private but sometimes public, and does so through a continuing administrative process, generally through specially designated regulatory agencies†. There is a history of command and control regulation as a policy instrument of the government in Trinidad and Tobago as evidenced by its placement in 2013 and 2014 budget in relation to the gaming ndustry. The gaming industry in Trinidad and Tobago is an illegal one, which operates without government regulation. We will write a custom essay sample on Policy Tools or any similar topic only for you Order Now As stated in the 2013 budget Minister Howai â€Å"Mr. Speaker we intend to bring the gaming industry under more effective control and capture more fully the revenue that can accrue to the Treasury. The Gaming Industry offers a legitimate form of entertainment if it is properly regulated. It was proposed that effective May 2013 a series of regulations would be put into place to manage the industry until the comprehensive framework and control body was established. In the 2014 budget Minister Howai acknowledged that previous stated policy had not been fully implemented but that vital steps were underway, which included extensive consultations with various stakeholder bodies. According to Finance Minister, the Honorable Larry Howai, a comprehensive governance structure for the industry was developed over the last year. It will entail the establishment of a Regulatory Commission with the power to license premises, operators, suppliers and key employees. The new legislation will control the operations of what will be referred to as registered casinos. The primary advantage of command and control regulation towards the gaming industry in Trinidad and Tobago is that being an illegal practice (aside from pool betting halls), government has the legislative upper hand to determine what is to be regulated and how. Mitnick (1980) explains that a government need not know in advance its subjects preferences as in the case of voluntary instruments and little information is needed to establish the regulation as a result. Government can simply establish a standard and expect compliance (Howlett and Ramesh 2009) making it a highly cost and time efficient tool. Secondly regulation in itself allows for better co-ordination of government efforts and planning because of the predictability it entails (Howlett and Ramesh 2009). This is tied to the directness and specificity of the nature of command and control regulation. This predictability and directness of the regulation makes it easier and more suitable of an instrument in times of crisis or when an immediate response is needed, as noted by the Minister that the gaming industry is substantial and growing industry with the high prevalence to criminal activity and social ills thus immediate action needs to be aken to arrest the issue before it spirals, while reaping the benefits of increasing revenue at the same time. Command and control regulation is also more cost efficient than other instruments as well as publicly and politically appealing government’s part† (Howlett and Ramesh 2009) Although command and control regulation is cost effective especially when compared to other instruments it is still quite costly, as the cost of enforcement by regulatory bodies may be high due to further costs of information, investigation and prosecution which make the policy legalistic and adversarial(Hahn and Hind 1991). Another issue with command and control in the context of the gaming industry in Trinidad and Tobago is that the very nature of the industry is problematic. Private members’ clubs, slot machines etcetera which constitute the industry are all illegal activities that have been allowed to flourish without regulation, thus the administration of the regulatory framework is problematic as it needs to gain legitimacy and acceptance by an illegitimate structure. There has to be total co-operation on the part of all members of the gaming industry in order for regulation to be effective and adhered to. Dyerson and Mueller (1993) also state that regulation is often inflexible and does not offer consideration for individual circumstances, thus a one size fits all regulation of casinos, private members clubs etc does not take into account the size and profitability or extent of gambling taking place. This may lead to incompliance with the regulatory structure and undermining of the very framework government is trying to cement. A mixed approach to regulation could be used, a good example of which is self regulation, which would be more cost effective as government would not ave to foot the cost of â€Å"creation, administration and renewal of standards† (Howlett and Ramesh). However there is a tossup as to how effective and favorable alternative methods really are when one considers the social costs of ineffective or inefficient administration of voluntary standards, especially those related to non-compliance (Gibson 1994 and Karamanos 2001) The overall usefulness of this policy tool cannot be fully assessed as it has not been fully implemented and remains largely at the drawing board. This perhaps is a sign of its ineffectiveness and inability to meet the goals of the government. How to cite Policy Tools, Papers

Australia and New Zealand Banking Group

Question: Write an essay on Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited. Answer: Australia and New Zealand Banking Group Limited (ANZ Bank) is one of the leading banks in the country, which is operating their business in the global market. The company has made good reputation across their customer base by providing best services and experience. The company is now interested to expand their business particularly in three countries which are France, Brazil and Korea (Piekkari, Welch and Welch 2014). All the targeted three countries belong to three different continents therefore different market is expected to respond to the expansion strategy. ANZ Bank is planning to expand their business in those markets by the help of acquisition or strategic partnership in the initial stage. The objective of this report is to analyze and, discuss the character of the three different markets. The formulation of strategy should be suitable for the local market that may not match with other country (Cavusgil et al. 2014). This report discusses about the potential problems of the market that are associated with the business and may influence the outcome. To invest in those market it is also important to understand the future market in those countries otherwise the business outcome will be negative. Cultural aspect also influences the business in the long term, which is also under the consideration of the report . After the discussion, suitable recommendations are given to implement the strategy of business expansion. Understanding market structure Market structure is dependent on the market condition, which is very important aspect of every business. Every company measures the level of competition before entering the market that helps to understand the volume of business and profitability. France French banking industry is saturated with lot of competitors who are operating their business in very low profit margin due to intense competition. Due to the intense competition in the market and most of the players are in the same category therefore France banking industry has perfectly competitive market structure (Jonsson and Foss 2011). In this type of market competitors, produce standardized product to their customer, which is more or less same in nature. Perfect competition market structure provides the ease of market entry and exit which is beneficial for the large organization (Piekkari, Welch and Welch 2014). There are several competitors in the French market like Cooperative Banks of France, which is the market leader and Defunct Bank of France also produce good business in this market (Gilbert, Rasche and Waddock 2011). Brazil Banco Bradesco Financiamentos, HSBC, Banco PanAmericano and Citibank are the major competitors in Brazil. The Brazil banking industry is facing deep recession for the last five years and several large organizations is withdrawing the business from the country (Rugman, Verbek and Nguyen 2011). The current market situation is associated with the lot of uncertainty and competition is not structure properly. Many banking corporation is facing problem to gain profit, which has changed the market character. The market structure in Brazil is oligopolistic competition where barrier to market entry and exit is also high. Korea Korean banking industry poses highly monopolistic market structure where many competitors are available but all of them provide different kind of products to their customer. Therefore, to compete in the Korean market, it is very important to introduce customized product for their customer. Korea Exchange, Hanvit Bank and Korea Housing Bank are the main market leader, which has almost 40% market share (Okoro 2012). Apart from that, several other national and regional banks are also operating their business in this market. Analysis of market size and profitability Market size and profitability is the primary focus of every business strategy because it provides the understanding the volume of the business for new entrants. To conduct the report, market size and profitability is discussed here. France The Banking market in France is quite big and many competitors operate with good volume of business. The total yearly volume of the business is near about 138 billion Euros. The last five years trend of French banking industry is good which shows a decent growth year after year, however 2014 has faced a negative growth due to international market (Kumar, Gaur and Pattnaik 2012). The average business in the banking sector is growing in a good pace and several international banking companies are entering the market because of the stable growth however, the profit margin is very low in this market due to perfect competition (Fdration Bancaire Franaise 2016). Brazil Brazilian market is highly vulnerable in terms of business volume however, the total market of the Brazilian banking industry is larger than France due to its business intensity, population and area. The total volume of business is expected near about 212.6 billion dollar in 2016 (Thomas White International 2016). Last five years trend of the Brazilian banking industry is also not good because it shows an unstructured growth. The market is highly influenced by the international market however; the profit margin is very high in this country. Most of the international banking corporation prefers Brazil for their business purpose because of the better profit margin (Chan, Finnegan and Sternquist 2011). The reason behind the more profit margins is the uncertainty of the market. The loan recovery rate is bad therefore, every ban charge higher rate of interest to the business organization. Korea Korean-banking industry is facing serious reforms in the recent time and the banking system is changing to bring the investment from outside. In spite of several problems in the national level, the banking sector in Korea has shown stable growth, which is the indicator of the stable business growth in the country. The average volume of business in this country is low however; the future scope of business is very high in this country. The number of competitors in this market is also low and the private sector banks are not having good strength due to the national policy of banking in the past (Kowalkowski, Kindstrm and Brehmer 2011). The profitability of the business is also high due to the monopolistic competition. If ANZ is able to introduce new products in this market then there is high chance to get good growth. Analysis of potential problem of each market Potential problem for establishing business in France is associated with the administrative department of the government that takes considerable time to provide permit. The government of France ranked 82nd in the world in terms of protecting foreign investors in terms of land acquisition and resolving insolvency. The tax rate of the government is also high that influence the profitability of the company. Since the rate of interest in the country is very low, therefore it is very difficult to start new business (Hashai 2011). The tax structure of France is also high therefore it is very difficult to operate business in high margin. In case of Brazil it is one of the liberated country for the business organization. The main problem of the country is the class between the local and national government, which take lot of time to proceed with the required permission along with the bureaucracy culture. Corruption is another potential problem for the foreign business organization in this country (Hutzschenreuter, Voll and Verbeke 2011). Local labour force belongs to the several unions therefore foreign investors have to continuously negotiate for the business growth. Brazil do not have good infrastructure therefore future business scope is less in this country however recently government has taken initiative to enhance the infrastructure development (Gabrielsson, Gabrielsson and Seppl 2012). The potential problem for business in Korea is associated with the bureaucratic culture of the government however; they are changing their views and encouraging foreign investors to establish their business in the country. In terms of business culture, the country has only one problem that is language otherwise Korean government is providing lot of benefit to the foreign investors (Solutions, 2016). The infrastructure of the country is very good and the labour force is also well educated that support the business. Analysis of future development Analyzing the current development of three countries, it can be said that Brazil has the highest scope to conduct more development in the country whereas France is already a developed country in terms of infrastructure development. Korea has also several aspects that can be developed in the country. The technology use is also good in Korea because several local companies are inventing new technology (Gabrielsson, Gabrielsson and Seppl 2012). The future business scope is best in Korea because the country has already good infrastructure and low corruption. The government of Korea also provide good land acquisition policy that help foreign investors. On the other hand, Brazil also has the opportunity to develop the country but the corruption of the country is slowing down the process. If Brazil implements foreign investment in their infrastructure development then ANZ bank will have lot of scope to increase their business (Buckley 2014). The Banking business is also good in this country because many local bank is operating their business therefore acquisition of such bank will help to get the initial infrastructure for the business (Hutzschenreuter, Voll and Verbeke 2011). If we consider the future business in France then it is weaker than Brazil and Korea. The scope of investment is less in this country however retail sector of the country also provide lot of opportunity for the banking sector. The volume business in future is less in France because of low infrastructure development investment (Rasche 2011). Impact of foreign exchange The impact of foreign exchange in the business is high due to the rate difference of several countries (Hutzschenreuter, Voll and Verbeke 2011). Operating business in such a country is beneficial for the investor because it will mark positive impact on the exchange of the foreign money to the business. According to the foreign exchange rate and policy, France is the suitable option for the banking investment because the foreign exchange rate is low for the foreign investors (Douglas and Craig 2011). The Stability of the business also depends on the foreign exchange because it helps in import and export of goods. In case of Brazil and Korea their currency rate is low therefore their foreign exchange rate is high which cost more to the exporting and importing of goods. However, Korea is still better for the business in terms of foreign exchange ratio whereas Brazil take lot of tax in this segment (Dhaliwal et al. 2012). In case of banking operation higher ratio of foreign exchange will gain more profit that is beneficial for ANZ bank. Impact of cultural aspect for market entry Every market has different characteristics that impose lot of influence to the business. When any foreign company establishes their business in different country then they face cultural difference first. The cultural difference is not only associated with the social factor however it also includes the national policy of the government to establish the business. The cultural aspect is mainly associated with the social culture of the country (Luo and Shenkar 2011). In case of France the cultural aspect of the business is associated the development of the economy. The country is among one of the most modern country that provide skilled labour support to the business organization (Piekkari, Welch and Welch 2014). The government of the country also supports foreign investment to improve the business standard. Therefore, investment in this country will be profitable in spite of low profit margin because low profit margin will be compensated by volume of business. In case of Brazil, the business culture is also good however, the economic stability of the country is low due to several reforms in the country (Rugman, Verbek and Nguyen 2011). The volume of the business may be low in this country but the margin of profit is very high that can compensate the business. The availability of the skilled labour is less as compared to France but the government also allows foreign workforce for the foreign investors (Hutzschenreuter, Voll and Verbeke 2011). Therefore, it also becomes profitable for the ANZ bank to establish their business in Brazil. Korea has one of the strongest economies in the Asia pacific region because their government is allowing the foreign investor in recent time. The growth of the business is the highest in the continent. The nation labour of the country is country is well skilled and educated to support the business (Luo and Shenkar 2011). According to the measures of market entry France has the suitable options for the foreign investors whereas Brazil and Korea is still introvert as compared to France. Conclusion From the above report, it can be summarized that the international business opportunity in France, Brazil and Korea is good that provide lot of flexibility to the banking business. The cultural aspect of three countries is positive however, difference in the local skilled labour will make a difference to the business. Most importantly, the policy of the governments in Korea and Brazil is comparatively lesser than France. The infrastructure of France is already developed whereas Korea and Brazil has lot of scope to develop their infrastructure with the help of banking investment. Most importantly Brazil and Korea banking industry is associated with lot of local players, therefore it is easier to acquire other companies with their development in the business. In France, most of the companies are large organization and the local banks do not have the infrastructure to develop their business. Therefore, it is difficult to acquire other companies in France however; strategic alliance is t he best option to establish business in France. Last five year data of the banking sector in three countries is also associated with good growth therefore the trend of the business is suggesting to acquire or merge other organization to establish their business. Recommendations Adoption of Different Culture: ANZ Bank has top adopt different cultures to establish business in other countries. The company also need to adhere to the government policy because the financial market system of different country is different. Building of Strategic Alliance: Company should establish their business first in France through strategic alliance because acquisition cost high. With the help of strategic alliance company can get a customer base and the existing business. Evaluation of Business Scope: ANZ has to evaluate the business scope in Brazil to find out the situation of the business. The company should step very carefully due to the problem of workers union. Company should hire skilled labour to operate business in Brazil. Business Expansion to Korea: Korea is the best place to expand the business because it has the infrastructure and the government is encouraging investors. Due to many local players in the country, ANZ bank should acquire other company to establish their business. Reference List Buckley, P.J., 2014. International integration and coordination in the global factory. InThe Multinational Enterprise and the Emergence of the Global Factory(pp. 3-19). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Cavusgil, S.T., Knight, G., Riesenberger, J.R., Rammal, H.G. and Rose, E.L., 2014.International business. Pearson Australia. Chan, P., Finnegan, C. and Sternquist, B., 2011. Country and firm level factors in international retail expansion.European Journal of Marketing,45(6), pp.1005-1022. Dhaliwal, D.S., Radhakrishnan, S., Tsang, A. and Yang, Y.G., 2012. Nonfinancial disclosure and analyst forecast accuracy: International evidence on corporate social responsibility disclosure.The Accounting Review,87(3), pp.723-759. Douglas, S.P. and Craig, C.S., 2011. Convergence and divergence: Developing a semiglobal marketing strategy.Journal of International Marketing,19(1), pp.82-101. FBF - Fdration Bancaire Franaise. (2016).Overview of the french banking industry. [online] Available at: https://www.fbf.fr/en/french-banking-sector/overview/overview-of-the-french-banking-industry [Accessed 28 May 2016]. Gabrielsson, P., Gabrielsson, M. and Seppl, T., 2012. Marketing strategies for foreign expansion of companies originating in small and open economies: the consequences of strategic fit and performance.Journal of International Marketing,20(2), pp.25-48. Gilbert, D.U., Rasche, A. and Waddock, S., 2011. Accountability in a global economy: The emergence of international accountability standards.Business Ethics Quarterly,21(01), pp.23-44. Hashai, N., 2011. Sequencing the expansion of geographic scope and foreign operations by born global firms.Journal of International Business Studies,42(8), pp.995-1015. Hutzschenreuter, T., Voll, J.C. and Verbeke, A., 2011. The impact of added cultural distance and cultural diversity on international expansion patterns: A Penrosean perspective.Journal of Management Studies,48(2), pp.305-329. Jonsson, A. and Foss, N.J., 2011. International expansion through flexible replication: Learning from the internationalization experience of IKEA.Journal of International Business Studies,42(9), pp.1079-1102. Kowalkowski, C., Kindstrm, D. and Brehmer, P.O., 2011. Managing industrial service offerings in global business markets.Journal of Business Industrial Marketing,26(3), pp.181-192. Kumar, V., Gaur, A.S. and Pattnaik, C., 2012. Product diversification and international expansion of business groups.Management International Review,52(2), pp.175-192. Luo, Y. and Shenkar, O., 2011. Toward a perspective of cultural friction in international business.Journal of International Management,17(1), pp.1-14. Okoro, E., 2012. Cross-cultural etiquette and communication in global business: Toward a strategic framework for managing corporate expansion.International Journal of Business and Management,7(16), p.130. Piekkari, R., Welch, D. and Welch, L.S., 2014.Language in international business: The multilingual reality of global business expansion. Edward Elgar Publishing. Rasche, A., 2011. A Necessary SupplementWhat the United Nations Global Compact Is (and Is Not). InCorporate Social and Human Rights Responsibilities(pp. 52-76). Palgrave Macmillan UK. Rugman, A.M., Verbeke, A. and Nguyen, P.C.Q.T., 2011. Fifty years of international business theory and beyond.Management International Review,51(6), pp.755-786. Solutions, E. (2016).South Korea financial services analysis and data from The EIU. [online] Eiu.com. Available at: https://www.eiu.com/industry/financial-services/asia/south-korea [Accessed 28 May 2016]. Thomas White International. (2016).Brazil | Banking Sector | Banks | Credit Growth. [online] Available at: https://www.thomaswhite.com/global-perspectives/brazil-banking-retail-segment-driving-growth/ [Accessed 28 May 2016].

A Comparison Contrast Of A Brave New World And 1984 Essays - Fiction

A Comparison Contrast Of A Brave New World And 1984 Essays - Fiction A Comparison Contrast of A Brave New World and 1984 Although many similarities exist between Aldous Huxley's A Brave New World and George Orwell's 1984, the works books though they deal with similar topics, are more dissimilar than alike. A Brave New World is a novel about the struggle of Bernard Marx, who rejects the tenants of his society when he discovers that he is not truly happy. 1984 is the story of Winston who finds forbidden love within the hypocrisy of his society. In both cases, the main character is in quiet rebellion against his government which is eventually found to be in vain. Huxley wrote A Brave New World in the third person so that the reader could be allotted a more comprehensive view of the activities he presents. His characters are shallow and cartoon-like (Astrachan) in order to better reflect the society in which they are entrapped. In this society traditional notions of love and what ideally should come out of it have long been disregarded and are now despised, "Mother, monogamy, romance. High spurts the fountain; fierce and foamy the wild jet. The urge has but a single outlet." (Huxley 41) The comparison to a wild jet is intended to demonstrate the inherent dangers in these activities. Many of the Brave New World's social norms are intended to 'save' its citizens from anything unpleasant through depriving them of the opportunity to miss anything overly pleasant. The society values, ACOMMUNITY, IDENTITY, STABILITY," (Huxley 1) supersede all else in a collective effort. Soma, the magical ultimate drug is what keeps the population from revolting. "What you need is a gramme of soma... All the advantages of Christianity and alcohol; none of their defects." The drug is at the forefront of their daily lives providing freedom from life's every ill. "The word comes from the Sanskrit language of ancient India. It means both an intoxicating drink used in the old Vedic religious rituals there and the plant from whose juice the drink was made- a plant whose true identity we don't know." (Astrachan) The drug is used as a form of recreation, like sex, and its use is encouraged at any opportunity, especially when great emotions begin to arise. They are conditioned to accept this to calm and pacify them should they begin to feel anything too intensely. The conditioning also provides them with their place and prevents them from participating in social activities which they needn't take part in. (Smith) Class consciousness which Americans are so reluctant to acknowledge is taught through hypnop?dia (the repetition of phrases during sleep akin to post hypnotic suggestion) for all social classes: These names are letters in the Greek alphabet, familiar to Huxley's original English readers because in English schools they are used as grades- like our As, Bs, etc.- with Alpha plus the best and Epsilon minus the worst. In Brave New World, each names a class or caste. Alphas and Betas remain individuals; only Gammas, Deltas, and Epsilons are bokanovskified. (Astrachan) The conditioning is begun at an extremely young age and is by modern real-world standards cruel, AThe screaming of the babies suddenly changed its tone. There was something desperate, almost insane, about the sharp spasmodic yelps to which they now gave utterance." (Huxley 20) The children's "Pavlovian" conditioning with electric shocks is later compared to the wax seals which used to grace the seams of letters (Astrachan), "Not so much like drops of water, though water, it is true, can wear holes in the hardest granite; rather, drops of liquid sealing-wax, drops that adhere, incrust, incorporate themselves with what they fall on, till finally the rock is all one scarlet blob." The entire society is conditioned to shrink away from intense emotion, engage in casual sex, and take their pacifying Soma. In 1984, a first-person book partly narrated by the main character's internal dialogue, the great party leader is "Big Brother," a fictional character who is somewhat more imposing than "Ford," of Huxley's book, named after the industrialist Henry Ford (Astrachan). The main character Winston fears Big Brother and is much more aware of his situation than any of the characters in A Brave New World who are constantly pacified by soma. In A Brave New World

Should whether you live depend upon where you live essay

Should whether you live depend upon where you live essay Should whether you live depend upon where you live? essay Should whether you live depend upon where you live? essayThe different legislation at the state level reveals the difference in the development of provision of citizens with basic services and their protection from possible risks and threats. In such a situation, the debate concerning the policy conducted by the government at the state and federal level focuses on the main issue, whether citizens should stand on the equal ground nationwide or count on the state legislation and regulations.The problem is the result of the disparity between the federal and state legislation and policy. In this regard, the principle of federalism implies the autonomy of states and sovereignty of people. In such a way, citizens can count on the development of policies at the local level oriented on meeting interests and needs of the local population. At this point, the argument of proponents of federalism, who insist on the unification of norms and standards that regulate the standards of health care ser vices and social work, is inconsistent.However, the difference in federal and state policies does not mean the inferior position of some citizens compared to others. Federal policies should set minimal standards, while state policies should count on available resources and enhancement of policies to improve the quality of life of the local population. The development of effective policies depends on the potential of each state.Thus, the development of federal and state policies may vary but federal norms and standards set the minimal level of the provision of basic services that should be available to people nationwide.

To What Extent Does The Philosophy of The Upanishads Represent A Essay

To What Extent Does The Philosophy of The Upanishads Represent A Continuation Of The Vedic Tradition Answer With Particular Reference To The Following Key Con - Essay Example The idea of sacrifice in the Vedas has more an inward orientation. Sometimes this has resulted in even atheist thinking with in Hinduism. Later compositions often cite the authority of the Vedas as the more orthodox of Hindu scriptures. Many of the ideas in Hinduism like Dharma, Moksha and Karma are a matter of confusion even for the best of minds. Some times even the Vedas and Upanishads may not give the faithful clarity of mind. However, the search for truth by itself is a spiritual experience even when one has unsolved question in the mind. The essay concludes by the assertion that the Vedas are the ultimate spring from which other scriptures took their origin. Scriptural authority in Hinduism has many levels. (Lipner, 1988, P.26) In other religious texts the idea of inspiration, which is very sacrosanct and rigidly defined, is left somewhat vague in Hinduism. It is not even expected that all believers should fall in line with a canonical adherence to any doctrine as in other religions. â€Å"In an attempt to set monotheism firmly within the framework of classical Hinduism, Debendranath tried to find authority in the Vedas but became disillusioned with further study and decided that reason and conscience should be the test of the authority of any scriptural text.†(Brockington 176) In traditional Hinduism the Vedas have been given the status of the ultimate canonical text of divine knowledge. The word Veda means knowledge and it is applied in the sense of saving knowledge. It is interesting to note that many Hindus do not have any access to the Vedas .For all the real-time use many Hindus use other forms of scriptures. By about 400-300 BC the idea of â€Å" the four-Vedas† known as Chatur Vedas became an accepted canon. The four Vedas are The Rig, the Sama, Yajur and Atharava Veda .The Vedas contain a huge and diverse body of sacred language, which is directly or indirectly concerned with sacrificial ritual. The composition of the Vedas was a

Data Collection and Management Techniques for a Qualitative Research Assignment

Data Collection and Management Techniques for a Qualitative Research Plan - Assignment Example The interview is without a doubt the most frequently used source of data in qualitative studies like my proposed research. This is particularly because it offers the one-to-one format of data collection and thus allows room for gathering more detailed information. Interviews range from the highly structured style, where questions are determined before the interview, to the one with the open-end, then the conversational format. In qualitative research, the highly structured format is applied primarily so as to collect socio-demographic information (Flick, 2006). In most cases, however, interviews are more open-ended and less structured. Interviews involve the interviewer asking the same questions to all the participants, but the order of the questions, the diction and the type of follow-up may differ significantly. In this regard, I will be required to establish a rapport with the respondents so as to build up trust and allow the respondent to open up his true feelings, thoughts and i ntentions. Another important qualitative data collection technique that I will use is participant observation. This method will require me as a researcher to be part of the study population and be learning from within the community to establish the important information that makes part of the research. This kind of data collection requires one to learn the modes and way of life of the study population so that it becomes effective. Data collected through such method can be written down in a field note in addition to taking video footages and used as the reference for evaluation and analysis (Creswell, 2003). Generally, observation in qualitative research involves spending time in the setting. Field notes are written throughout the observation with the focus being on what is seen. Data collection can also be done through the use of focused group discussion where the researcher identifies a topic and the respondents discuss it. Such responses are analyzed carefully to give important information relating to the research.  

Public and Private Mental Health Services Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Public and Private Mental Health Services - Essay Example This essay discusses that  more than 10 percent of the American adults experienced noticeable mental health issues because of recession alone due to the economic confusion. The observation was made between early 2006 and early 2009 as the significant periods in the recent history. This number is regardless of the millions of children demanding similar mental concerns and the new developments after that. In essence, there is a greater demand of mental concerns that have also been increasing with time and with significant margins.As the discussion highlights that  there is a significant contrast in quality delivered between the self-sponsored facilities and those financed by the government. The two are in the same industry with a similar specialization and line of operation yet they are never a similar thing albeit. Individuals who are capable of paying for their psychological healthcare services receive better services as compared to those who rely on government sponsored services in Virginia Beach. The government services have proved to have insufficient insurance or funds in a number of occasions. The self-paid services have no financial limitations and the patients can receive full treatment which is contrary to the alternate public services with cut-off points of halting the services.  The number of patients is also a concern in the facilities.

Effectiveness of Hepatitis B Vaccination Programs

Effectiveness of Hepatitis B Vaccination Programs Hepatitis B incurs a significant impact and burden on society worldwide and adversely affects the lives of children, adolescents and their families (Zanetti, Van Damme Shouval, 2008, p. 6266; World Health Organization [WHO], 2013; National Centre for Immunisation Research Surveillance [NCIRS], 2012, p. 2). Extensive immunisation programs are recommended to reduce the rates of hepatitis B and its economic costs on the population (WHO, 2008; Williams, 2002, p. 458). This essay will analyse hepatitis B immunisation as a health intervention strategy and the impact of associated mortality and morbidity on Australian population (NCIRS, 2012, p. 1-2). This will be done by focussing on the needs for hepatitis B immunisation and the goals of immunisation program. This will be followed by analysing the implementation of the hepatitis B vaccination programs together with their effectiveness on population health for children and families. WHO (2013) defines hepatitis B as an infectious disease in which the â€Å"hepatitis B virus (HBV)† causes the inflammation of the liver by affecting its function. The morbidity of hepatitis B has a significant impact on infants, children and adolescents (NCIRS, 2012, p. 1-2; Ni, 2011, p.2; Levy, 2012, p. 206). Studies show that hepatitis B can have a negative effect on the liver function which may lead to chronic liver condition followed by the development of cirrhosis and liver cancer (Zanetti et al., 2008, p.6267; Ni, 2011, p.2; Rots, Wijmenga-Monsuur, Luytjes, Kaaijk, Graaf, Van Der Zeijst Boog, 2010, p. 893). NCIRS (2012) stated that the rate of death related to the hepatitis B was â€Å"the tenth leading cause† of mortality worldwide due to chronic liver infection. Statistics also show that the percentage of hepatitis B disease in Australia is much lower in comparison to the other countries; however, this rate may increase because of the contribution of infected immigrants to the country (Zanetti et al., 2008, p. 6266; NCIRS, 2012, p. 2; Gidding, Warlow, Maclntyre, Backhouse, Gilbert, Quinn Mclntyre, 2007, p. 8640; Levi, 2012, p. 206). The hepatitis B virus has been shown to be spread via blood and blood contaminated instruments and this impacted by different factors such as age, gender and the status of immune system (Ni, 2011, p. 1; Rots et al., 2010.p. 894, 897; Zanetti et al., 2008, p. 6266). It is stated that infants and children may be affected by hepatitis B disease by being exposed to the hepatitis B antigen carrier mother directly via blood particularly at times of birth (NCIRS, 2012, p. 3; Ni, 2011, p. 2; Rots et al., 2010, p. 894; Roznovsky, Pliskova, Orsagova, Kloudova, Tvrdik, Kabieszova, Lochman, Mrazek, Hozakova Zjevikova, 2010, p. 395). Statistics showed that boys were more susceptible to hepatitis B than girls and this was attributed to a correspondingly greater number of the chronic liver infection for males later in the ir life (Ni, 2011, p. 4). Also where the immune system is considered to be compromised by HBV, it may result in more complicated health related issues (Ni, 2011, p. 4). The transmission of HBV may readily spread indirectly via blood contaminated instruments during surgery and â€Å"needle stick injuries† in clinics as well as through contact with infectious person within the family (NCIRS, 2012, p. 3; Ni, 2011, p. 2; Zanetti et al., 2008, p. 6266). The hepatitis B immunisation programs sanctioned in Australia were aimed at reducing the impact and burden of hepatitis B disease on its population (Gidding et al., 2007, p. 8637). It is emphasised that the prevention of the development of hepatitis B disease is considered to be less expensive than its treatment (Levy, 2012, p. 206). Therefore, an implementation of a vaccination program could minimise the financial impact on the families as well as on the country as whole (Zanetti et al., 2008, p. 6268- 6269; Levy, 2012, p. 206). There have been two programs introduced in relation of minimising hepatitis B infection namely â€Å"universal vaccination† and â€Å"school-based program† (Gidding et al., 2007, p. 8640; Rots et al., 2010, p. 897). The universal hepatitis B vaccination program was targeted at new born babies who are susceptible to infection from mothers who may carry positive antigens (Rots et al., 2010, p. 894; Levy, 2012, p. 206; Gidding et al., 2007, p. 863 7). They are considered to be the most vulnerable of all children’s age groups and the majority of them have a greater risk of having health related issues including chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer (Ni, 2011, p. 2, 5; Rots et al., 2010, p. 894; Levy, 2012, p. 206). The other program assists in improving adolescents’ health owing to the fact that approximately two thirds of adolescents may be identified as a â€Å"high risk group† due to their unprotected sexual contacts which could result in development of hepatitis B infection (Gidding et al., 2007, p. 8638; 8640; Rots et al., 2010, p. 894; Van Herck Van Damme, 2008, p. 861). It is considered that these strategies may protect the health of children and adolescents by controlling the spread of hepatitis B from person to the person (Zanetti et al., 2008, p. 6268; Ni, 2011, p. 5- 6). It has been highlighted that a number of scheduled hepatitis B vaccinations are required to be administered to children (NCIRS, 2012, p. 4- 5; Rots et al., 2010, p. 894; Zanetti et al., 2008, p. 6267). It is a requirement that the first hepatitis B vaccination is essential to be provided to infants immediately â€Å"within twenty four hours after their birth† followed by a further three doses that are given every couple months till six months of their age (Rots et al., 2008, p. 894; WHO, 2013; NCIRS, 2012, p.1, 4). This schedule of vaccinations has dramatically decreased the predisposition for hepatitis B infection from their mother (Rots et al., 2008, p. 894; NCIRS, 2012, p.1, 4). However, with regards to adolescents aged between 11 and 15, the vaccination against hepatitis B is scheduled in two doses with an interval of six months between them (NCIRS, 2012, p. 5; Rots et al., 2010, p. 894). In cases where a child’s immune system is severely compromised by serious heal th diseases such as obesity or HIV, it is recommended that the administered dose of hepatitis B vaccine should be doubled (NCIRS, 2012, p. 4- 5; Zanetti et al., 2008, p. 6267). To achieve maximum benefit from the vaccination the injections are to be administered in the thigh for the children up to 12 months of age, while those older than that age are required to be administered in deltoid muscle (Zanetti et al., 2008, p. 6267). As the hepatitis B immunisation is usually not contraindicated with the other vaccinations it could be given to children together with the other scheduled vaccinations including diphtheria, tetanus and pertussis (Rots et al., 2010, p. 894). Nevertheless, observation of the children is required due to the possible development of adverse negative reactions of the vaccines (Zanetti et al., 2008, p. 6267). The effectiveness of hepatitis B vaccination programs is crucial in order to reduce the morbidity of hepatitis B disease together with related liver complications (Rots et al., 2010, p. 897). By measuring the effect of immunisation, it can be determined whether benefits are being achieved or other strategies need to be considered (Ni, 2011, p. 5). The WHO analysis of hepatitis B disease shows that the implementation of hepatitis B immunisation does have a positive effect on the future health of children and adolescents (WHO, 2013). Studies have been conducted to examine the effectivity of implemented vaccination programs along with their financial cost (Gidding et al., 2007, p. 8640; Zanetti et al., 2008, p. 6268). It was found that the â€Å"universal vaccination† was highly effective when administering it to children from birth (Roznovsky et al., 2010, p. 398).However, after 10-15 years it offered little protection to the immunised children (Rots et al., 2010, p. 898; Roznov sky et al., 2010, p. 396, 398; Zanetti et al., 2008, p. 6267). Studies showed that the antibodies produced in response to the hepatitis B immunisation are diminished as the adolescents age and this may lead to the development of chronic liver infection (Zanetti et al., 2008, p. 6267). In this case the â€Å"school-based programs† are necessary in terms of administering additional doses of hepatitis B vaccination that may assist in protecting child’s health in the long-term, but may be costly for society (Gidding et al., 2007, p. 8640; Rots et al., 2010, p. 898). Additionally, a financial burden may also be associated with the failure of detecting HBV either in mothers or their babies due to insufficient screening (Gidding et al., 2007, p. 8637). Unfortunately, hepatitis immunisation programs which have shown to be very effective for many decades are now in danger of being removed from government agenda (Van Herck Van Damme, 2008, p. 861). In summation, the hepatitis B vaccination programs have been very effective as reducing the incidence of disease in society. The corresponding reduction in the burden and impact on families together with reduced costs has been very beneficial. However, because of the success of the vaccination programs they no longer hold the same governmental priorities and may be reduced over time.

Introduction to Fiction Final Paper :: English Literature Essays

Introduction to Fiction Final Paper Introduction: I will try to show that Fenstad's mother is going through a change during this story. At first she is described as a strong independent woman very active social in control of things. She is not accepting things as they are she tries to change the things that seem wrong to her. However, gradually we are starting to see her as an old woman who hates her age. A woman, who has a hard time excepting her age and all the downsides of it, a woman whose physical condition is parallel to her mental and emotional state, who needs help doing things which young people do without any effort. It seems that during the story Fenstad and his mother change places. Once he was dependent on her and now gradually we see that she is more and more dependent of her son. Fenstad's mother is gradually going through the process of accepting her age and the changes she is going trough consequently. It is difficult for her at first however eventually she stops being preoccupied with the past and what she once was. She comes to terms with her life and learns to appreciate and enjoy the little (simple) pleasures of life, like music. The name of this fiction story is Fenstad's Mother, the word mother is written with a capital letter which sometimes can mean a woman in charge of some community. This description is suitable for her character as it is described at the beginning of the story. Clara Fenstad's going to her son's class, meeting the people that took this class, listening to them and being loved and appreciated by them helps her through this period. One of this people influenced her very much and was responsible for one of the various changes she went through. The fact that Fenstad's mother learned to accept him as he made them closer and happier. Fenstad's Mother: At the beginning of the story Fenstad's mother is shown like a strong and active woman. She is very much involved in the things that happen around her. She is progressive and social. "Fenstad's mother was a life long social progressive" (p.115). She is not taking seriously her sons churchgoing, "was amused by her son's churchgoing. She had spent her life in the company of rebels and deviationists, and she recognized all their styles." (p.115). She is very logical and attentive, "She glanced down at his trousers, damped with melted snow. "You've been skating" "(p.116) she is aware of her son's habits, but not necessary approves of them. She sneers her son's behavior and looking for slips in it.

Exploring Gender Conventions in Film Essay

The American melodrama film, Mildred Pierce, directed by Todd Haynes, was based on the 1941 novel, written by James Cain. Mildred Pierce explores the roles of gender and class during the economic hardships of the stock market crash and the depression. This novel is a very effective representation of the 1930’s and 1940’s turmoil. An interview with Todd Haynes titled, â€Å"Something That is Dangerous and Arousing and Transgressive,† was done by Julia Leyda; and in that interview, Todd Haynes explains that women, â€Å"struggle with their embodiment, their identity, their social positions† (Leyda). James Cain created Mildred to be a woman who expressed many different attributes that women would not normally have during this time period and with the happening of the Great Depression. In his novel, Mildred represents a lower-middle-class woman who went through a divorce. Although she is a single parent in the beginning of the book, or as her friend Lucy calls it, a â€Å"grass widow,† she has the ambition to work and help Bert provide for their family. This book touches on a different aspect of gender expectations because during this time period many of the men did not have jobs and the women were the one’s working and earning money. This is evident through her ex-husband Bert, and her new husband (later in the film), Monty. Neither of them had jobs, she refers to them as loafs, and she does all that she can to provide for them. Mildred is embarrassed by some of the job offerings she got and does not want to disappoint her self-aggrandizing daughter. As mentioned in chapter five, it is obvious that Mildred fears Veda. The novel reads: She was afraid of Veda, of her snobbery, her contempt, her unbreakable spirit. And she was afraid of something that seemed always lurking under Veda’s bland, phony toniness: a cold, cruel, coarse desire to torture her mother, to humiliate her, above everything else, to hurt her. Mildred apparently yearned for warm affection from this child[†¦ ] but all she ever got was a stagy, affected counterfeit. (Cain 86) Mildred was constantly trying to impress Veda and her dreams of becoming rich, whereas in this family’s present state, it was almost impossible. Mildred even had to break down and beat Veda because she had been so vicious toward her when all Mildred ever did was bust her ass to earn enough money for her children. And for a while, Mildred even kept work a secret so that her own children would not have to worry about their family falling apart and finding out that they were lower middle class. One really important part of this book was when Mildred stood up to Veda and said, â€Å"You may not realize it, but everything you have costs money, from the maid that you ordered to go traipsing with you to the pool, to your food, and everything else that you have† (Cain 85). Mildred has a strong will to keep her family strong, but at the same time she faces two weaknesses: sleeping with men, and having a strong devotion to please her daughter Veda, who lives in a fantasy wishing she were upper-class. It is odd because she resorts to sex when she encounters stress and her sexual life is her sense of freedom; but when it comes to her work life, she is constantly on the edge and she does not indulge in it. Work is often what causes the stress in her life. In addition, Monty has the same fantasy as Veda and in the end of the film we see Mildred being pushed away from both of them, and eventually they end up together. Throughout the whole novel, Veda and Monty represent the upper-class and Mildred admires Veda so much because she is a reminder that there is hope to get to a better state during the depression. At one point in the novel Mildred even tells Veda that everything good happens on account of her. Haynes focuses on gender and class as huge themes in this film and he states that: what’s so fascinating about Mildred as a character is the way she has all of this potential for incredible productive and sexual success: a willfulness and a sense that she deserves it. Of course, there are all kinds of things she has to overcome initially, the sense of pride, before she can go out and get a job and work her way up the ladder and discover her innate talents[†¦ ] while at the same time being so thoroughly harnessed to a whole other set of terms that have everything to do with feminine identification and subjectivity, and mothering, and class. (Leyda) After Mildred accepts the fact that she must inherit a job, she becomes very good at what she does and she takes all of her domestic attributes and converts them into the work-field through taking up a job at a restaurant. Compared to the other women and families during the time of depression, many of them lost jobs, large amounts of money, homes, family, and many other things. With these important aspects on the line, Mildred remains strong and uses her willpower to overcome the obstacles thrown her way. This touches on class a lot and Mildred does a phenomenal job at keeping her family secure through this very tough time. As a lower middle class woman stuck in the depression, Mildred was very resilient and hard working toward recovering from the stock market crash and the depression which left her and her family with almost nothing. Another film that deals a lot with gender is the 2009 spine-chilling horror film Splice, directed by Vincenzo Natali. This film features two young genetic engineering scientists, Elsa and Clive, who are trying to discover a new protein for pharmaceutical purposes. The blog post on shaviro. com about this movie reads, â€Å"Splice never departs from being a genre film; but the way it twists genre conventions is powerful and original† (Shaviro). This movie reworks some of the themes and motifs that appeared in Frankenstein and Eraserhead. Throughout the entire film, Elsa seems to be the better educated of the two, but together they create a blob-like figure in each gender, and as they are developing they will soon be presented to their team to show them reproducing. While all of this was happening, Elsa and Clive decide that since they were successful with the first part of their experiment, they would like to make it more challenging and add human DNA to the specimen (although they were told not to because of the dangers) and see what the end result is. Once again, they are successful and they have now created a new creature with human DNA in it. Clive wants to kill it – which shows his aggressive and protective side, two qualities often found in males – but Elsa becomes very attached to it and obtains motherly qualities toward it – which is evidently linked to women gender expectations. Mentioned in the blog post, â€Å"Most of the movie is taken up with Elsa’s â€Å"mothering† of Dren, with Clive as the somewhat distant father figure. And this is where any prejudice that â€Å"mothering† might be â€Å"natural,† or inherently â€Å"feminine,† or inherently hardwired in Elsa’s, or any woman’s, genes, definitively breaks down† (Shaviro). Elsa convinces Clive to keep it alive so that they can â€Å"study it closely,† when all she really wants is to protect it like her own child – it does contain her own DNA after all. She has a horrific style of parenting in that she treats Dren with respect at one moment, and then flips the complete opposite the next. From the interview, the author says that, â€Å"There is clearly something narcissistic and self-obsessed here; all the more so when we learn that Clive wants to have a child, but Elsa is reluctant† (Shaviro). Elsa decides to play it safe and instead of bearing her own child, which would take her away from her work and give her less control, she genetically creates Dren a hybrid of animal DNA as well as her own. As it grows up, they must keep it a secret because they were never authorized to do so by their company. Clive grows very attached and attracted to Dren, but later finds out that Elsa put her own DNA into the creature and he is furious with her and realizes that this is why she had become so obsessive and protective over Dren. She even gets angry with Clive when he refers to Dren as a specimen and not a â€Å"she. † As Elsa and Clive are absentmindedly worrying about their own problems as a couple, the two creatures they created in the beginning, Fred and Ginger, undergo a weird switch. Ginger switches from a male to female while they are presenting their new specimen to their research team. In this part of the film Ginger and Fred (both males at this point) brutally murder each other instead of reproducing like intended, leaving the audience in shock with blood and guts flying freely. Because Elsa and Clive were so involved in Dren and had been neglecting their real experiment, everything went wrong. This goes to show just how restricted the gender expectations are among humans. It labels males as violent and aggressive, especially toward each other, which touches on the way society sees gay men and how unacceptable it appears to be. Another few actions that represent the expectations of gender are when Elsa treats Dren like her own child and forces a motherly figure, and when Clive has sex with Dren. This scene is really disturbing because one, the creature isn’t human, and two, Dren has some of his girlfriend’s DNA in her. Toward the end of the film things get even worse. Dren also switches from female to male and attacks a few people and then kills Clive with the retractable stinger in his tail, then he rapes Elsa and Elsa gets away and kills him before he does anymore destruction. This points out that men are very inclined to sex and are almost seen as uncontrollable. It also makes women seem more vulnerable, especially with Elsa being raped by Dren later in the film. In the very last scene of the film, Elsa is pregnant with Dren’s baby and is going to have the baby and give it to the company for more experimentation and does not seem to care, even though it is very crude. The interview reads, â€Å"Splice‘s focus upon a woman instead of a man as the â€Å"mad scientist† figure whose creations ultimately lead to catastrophe has been quite a point of contention† (Shaviro) and this is a different aspect to the movie Frankenstein, which was basically the same plot with a ale scientist and no technology. In conclusion the interview claimed, â€Å"Gender roles are oddly reinforced[†¦ ] The film entirely scrambles our sense of what is natural and what is artificial† (Shaviro). Splice is very twisted and touches on a lot of weird expectations that society has made out for men and women. It paints men to be very controlling, defiant, and drawn toward sex, and it paints women to be very motherly, protective of their c hildren, and caring toward others.

Definition and Examples of Abstract Nouns in English

Definition and Examples of Abstract Nouns in English In English grammar, an abstract noun  is a  noun or noun phrase  that names an idea, event, quality or concept - for example, courage, freedom, progress, love, patience, excellence and friendship.  An abstract noun names something that cant be physically touched. Contrast that with a  concrete noun. According to A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language, abstract nouns are typically non-observable and nonmeasurable.†Ã‚  But, as James Hurford explains, the distinction between abstract nouns and  other common nouns is relatively unimportant, as far as grammar is concerned. (James Hurford, Grammar: A Students Guide. Cambridge University Press, 1994) Examples and Observations Love is an irresistible desire to be irresistibly desired.(Robert Frost)Her face, which was long and dark chocolate brown, had a thin sheet of sadness over it, as light but as permanent as the viewing gauze on a coffin.(Maya Angelou, I Know Why the Caged Bird Sings. Random House, 1969)Creativity requires the courage to let go of certainties.(Erich Fromm)Silence can be  a source of great strength.Men say they love independence in a woman, but they dont waste a second demolishing it brick by brick.(Candice Bergen, quoted by Catherine Breslin in The Mistress Condition. Dutton, 1976)When love is gone, theres always justice.And when justice is gone, theres always force.And when force is gone, theres always Mom.Hi, Mom!(Laurie Anderson, O Superman. 1981)Fear is the main source of superstition, and one of the main sources of cruelty. To conquer fear is the beginning of wisdom.(Bertrand Russell, An Outline of Intellectual Rubbish. Unpopular Essays. Simon Schuster Inc., 1950) More than any other time in history, mankind faces a crossroads. One path leads to despair and utter hopelessness. The other, to total extinction. Let us pray we have the wisdom to choose correctly.(Woody Allen, My Speech to the Graduates. The New York Times, 1979) The Nature of Abstract Nouns Abstract and concrete are usually defined together or in terms of each other. The abstract is that which exists only in our minds, that which we cannot know through our senses. It includes qualities, relationships, conditions, ideas, theories, states of being, fields of inquiry and the like. We cannot know a quality such as consistency directly through our senses; we can only see or hear about people acting in ways that we come to label consistent. (William Vande Kopple, Clear and Coherent Prose. Scott Foresman Co., 1989) Countable and Uncountable Abstract Nouns Although abstract nouns tend to be uncountable (courage, happiness, news, tennis, training), many are countable (an hour, a joke, a quantity). Others can be both, often with shifts of meaning from general to particular (great kindness/many kindnesses).(Tom McArthur, Abstract and Concrete. The Oxford Companion to the English Language. Oxford University Press, 1992) Inflection of Abstract Nouns [M]any abstract nouns are generally not inflected for number (lucks, nauseas) or they do not occur in the possessive (the commitments time). (M. Lynne Murphy and Anu Koskela, Key Terms in Semantics. Continuum, 2010) The Grammatical Unimportance of Abstract Nouns [R]ecognizing abstract nouns is relatively unimportant, as far as grammar is concerned. This is because there are few, if any, particular grammatical properties that affect just the set of abstract nouns. ... One suspects that the reason for the recurrent mention of abstract nouns is the clash between their (abstract) meanings and the traditional definition of a noun as the name of a person, place or thing. The existence of obvious nouns such as liberty, action, sin and time is a sore embarrassment to such a definition, and the pragmatic response has been to apply a distinctive label to the problematic words. (James R. Hurford, Grammar: A Students Guide. Cambridge University Press, 1994) The Lighter Side of Abstract Nouns It represents Discipline, said Mr. Etherege. ... And to the uninstructed mind, Uniformity. His abstract nouns were audibly furnished with capital letters. But the latter notion is fallacious.No doubt, said Fen. He perceived that this incipient homily required punctuation rather than argument.Fallacious, Mr. Etherege proceeded, because the attempt to produce Uniformity inevitably accentuates  Eccentricity. It makes Eccentricity, as it were, safe. (Bruce Montgomery [aka Edmund Crispin], Love Lies Bleeding. Vintage, 1948)

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Facility and venue management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Facility and venue management - Essay Example The external environment of a venue can include the infrastructure, availability of social amenities, reliability of the means of transport to get into or out of the venue, and the security of the area within which the venue is established. All these factors are not the main ones in the establishment of a venue in a place but are a crucial consideration (Kronenburg 6). This implies that a combination of internal factors and external factors assure success of a venue established in a place to serve people, guarantees its success. How internal factors affect success of a venue Success for a venue means that it has put in place different systems that ensure profitability in its different context without compromising its future productivity. This means that a venues that has to succeed, needs to implement various systems that will ensure that they are able to exploit the environment efficiently. In this aspect of the a company, a management can implement different plans that will establi sh different personnel in the management of the venue are actively involved and are giving their maximum to attain the success of it. This means that the management of venues should streamline itself to optimize the productivity of all the workers within it and all human resource personnel who it depend on for success (Kronenburg 11). Another aspect of the internal factors that a venue should consider is the technological development which it puts in place to process different data, or to optimize use of resources within it. For example, to ensure that a venue is able to make profits, it can implement a technology of energy saving which will ensure that they do not use the expensive energy and implement use of solar energy, which is very sustainable. On the other hand, a venue do not have to process the entry of the people through manual operation as it takes long and very inaccessible when there are large crowd. To ensure they solve this, the venue management will can establish an internet based system through which people can book their tickets for entry and pay for them from wherever there are without necessarily visiting the premises. Another thing that can attract customers into a venue is its level of cleanliness and environment that ensure that occupants are able to access all the needs within short time (Kronenburg 31). How external factors influence the success of a venue There are different external factors are not the main things a venue is based but which pose important implication on its performance at any given time in different areas. For example, in establishing a venue, initiators need to understand that policies of a reigning power, which could be a government or other organization responsible, guide people in an environment to ensure orderliness in the area. The government has their policies that dictate how business can be done in such areas and they impose on them venue opened. This means that if the taxation is heavy, the amount of profit a venue ought to make is scale down limiting its success (Kronenburg 79). Another aspect of the external environment that is important to a venue is the demographic differences of the people living within as could be related to their economic power, age as well as their gender differences and

Terrorism and the Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Terrorism and the Law - Essay Example An analysis of the problem of terrorism in USA, covering both the aspect of international and domestic has been considered and the study of the law incorporated by the government in handling matters of terrorism has been considered. Terrorism was largely held as an international and the foreign policy of the organizations. However various terrorist groups started focusing all its attention towards the United States from the beginning of this decade. In the year 2001, almost 63% of all the terror attacks were aimed at the citizens of the United States (Perl, 2003). Terror attacks have not only occurred in the United States but the citizens of the country have been massively affected in other parts of the world also. The catastrophic event in the World trade center is by far the worst terror attack which mankind has experienced. However US started experiencing the threat of terror much before the disaster in the World Trade Center. The country had also faced numerous cases of domestic terrorism, carried out by the citizens of US between the periods of 1980 to 2000. United States of America was seriously affected by domestic terrorism in various parts of Arizona, California, and Illinois. The areas were massively affected by such acts of terror and the government had a hard time bringing the situations under their control. Even the accused of the terror attacks which took place in California were convicted and several domestic extremist were arrested but such acts of terror were never under the control. Domestic terrorism spread in the country because of the right wing extremist and for the attainment of various political reasons in the country. However in recent times the act of domestic terrorism has been overshadowed by the international terrorism. The domestic terrorists based in US carry out the attacks not only on the human beings but

Articles related to Managerial Accounting Essay

Articles related to Managerial Accounting - Essay Example The cumulative cost, therefore, constitutes the job cost charged to the customer. The article successfully illustrates that a job order costing approach is utilized when the job in question is distinctive from other jobs or product batches. Just as learnt in the management accounting class, cost accounting is relatively simple in job order costing. This is because the cost of materials and labor are integrated on one job ticket. Further, other overhead costs are included in the total amount of money charged to a customer. The article clearly distinguishes job costing from process costing, by showing that their difference depends on the product being availed to a customer, hence the kind of production procedure followed. I therefore learned that while process costing involves charging costs incurred in the course of production, job costing involves charging a specific job. I also learned that, cost assignment strategies and record keeping in job order costing, have higher complexity than in process costing. This is especially the case, if there are multiple services or products being provided. Complexity is increased by the fact that different services or products result in different costs. This means that for high efficacy in job costing, a company must maintain detailed cost records for every job or product. Summary: This article recognizes the fact that in any business, there is a possibility of making profits, suffering losses or simply breaking even. The F&B establishment used as an example adopts a strategy of providing high quality soup at a fair price. Â  This means that the variable costs incurred are high because of using ingredients of high quality, yet the selling price stays at an average level. As a result, the contribution margin remains equally average. Therefore, fixed expenses and generate profit, the business compensates low margin with high sales volume. This involves making sure that its outlets are

Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism Essay Example for Free

Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism Essay Distinguish between Theravada and Mahayana Buddhism.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The name Theravada means â€Å"the way of the elders.† It is an austere religion that requires solitude, meditation, and self-mastery through which each member hopes to achieve Nirvana. Because of these requirements, the possibility of liberation is limited to a few. Many of its followers are monks and nuns who spend most of their time in meditation and teaching. Theravada Buddhism is sometimes called â€Å"Hinayana Buddhism,† Hinayana meaning â€Å"small vehicles,† but this term is not accepted by followers of the religion (Conze, 2002).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   On the other hand, Mahayana means â€Å"large vehicle.† It is a less austere system than Theravada Buddhism and emphasizes liberation for everyone. Many Mahayana Buddhists believe in liberation through good faith and good works. Their object is not only to obtain a personal Nirvana, but to help others to that goal (Mizuno, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Mahayana branch has developed a system of ideal Buddhas, or enlightened ones. The most important Buddha is the Amitabha, or Amida, Budhha, to whom members can appeal for deliverance. Some Mahana Buddhists also believe in a goddess, a symbol of compassion, who is called Kwan Yin in China and Kwannon in Japan (Mizuno, 2001).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Mahayana Buddhists have elaborate temples presided over by priests. They have colorful festivals and solemn rituals. Statues of the various Buddhas and Bodhisattras (Buddhas-to-be) play a part in their worship, but the statues themselves are not worshiped. Mahayana Buddhism is divided into many sects, including Zen, Jodo, Shin, Tendai, and Nichiren Shoshu (Soka Gakkai) (Carrithers, 2003). Reference: Carrithers, Michael. The Buddha (Oxford University 2003). Conze, Edward. A Short History of Buddhism (Allen Unwin, 2002). Mizuno, Kogen. Basic Buddhist Concepts (Tuttle, 2001).

Free Macbeth Essays: The Impact of Act 2 scene 2 :: Free Essay Writer

The Impact of Act 2 scene 2 of Macbeth  Ã‚      Act 2 scene 2 is the most violent and intense part of Macbeth although we do no actually witness the murder of King Duncan. It is interesting that Shakespeare chooses to have Macbeth kill Duncan offstage. We can only guess why he wrote the scene that way, I think that Shakespeare wanted to focus not on the murder but on Macbeth’s reaction to it; the bloody details supplied by the audiences imaginations will be much worse than anything that could be done onstage. It is also the most crucial part of the play; it is the first of many murders. This scene takes place at night; I feel the darkness represents what is unnatural, cruel and evil. Everything that happens within the play appears to revolve around this particular scene. Not only is this important because it contains the murderous act, it also conveys to the audience the rapid disintegration of the relationship between the two main characters, Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. In act 2, scene 2, the murder of Duncan takes place. The audience should be on the edge of their seats by now, wondering if Macbeth will actually have the nerve to murder his king. The tension increases dramatically when we see Lady Macbeth pacing about in a nervous but excited state, awaiting Macbeth’s return increases the tension dramatically. We get a peek at Lady Macbeth’s softer side. She says that she would have killed Duncan herself, but the old man looked too much like her father. This small reminder of Lady Macbeth’s humanity will be important to our understanding of what happens to her at the end of the play. As she waits she decides that she heard a screech owl, and she takes that as a good omen, because the screech owl is nature’s own ‘fatal bellman’. A ‘fatal bellman’ would emphasize the idea of death/ execution in the audience’s minds, which makes it all the more eerie, ‘He’s at it’. This particular part of this scene has to be the climax of the play. When Macbeth and his wife are re-united they are both highly charged with nervous energy and excitement. Macbeth and his wife at first do not speak in sentences. Their speech is syncopated and highly charged emotions tell the audience all is not well. The fact that Macbeth still has hold of the daggers intensifies the tension felt in the scene.

Business Intelligence Software Essay -- Business Software Essays

Business Intelligence Software As we discuss the possibility of emerging into business intelligence software we must keep in mind the overall purpose of using any type of software is to reach strategic goals in order to increase market shares. I will discuss how business intelligence software will allow us to meet those strategic goals. We will establish what type of information and analysis capabilities will be available once this business intelligence software is implemented. We will discuss hardware and system software that will be required to run specific business intelligence software. Lastly, I will give a brief synopsis on three vendors (IBM, Microsoft Microsoft and Oracle) that are dominating the business information software industry today. The goal to any company succeeding in today?s fast paced high tech world is to establish aggressive strategic goals and a means to meet those goals. The end state of strategic goals is the capturing of your industry market share. Business intelligence software is a means or method to meet the goals. Business Intelligence Software brings together established software into a single working suite that will allow personnel from across the corporation to observe the same information in real time on a day-to-day basis. By implementing business intelligence software into our company, it will allow for a consolidated data collection point. This software will also allow us to tap into this consolidated data using multiple methods and display it in various forms or in real time using different web applications. The information that can be extracted from the business information software is endless. In the article written by Alison Dragoon, Business Intelligence Get Smart(er), she states the following about data usage; ? ?[Unused data] is still a great source of untapped productivity and competitive advantage for most companies," he says. Just how much data is going unused? Downes guesses companies are extracting value from only about 20 percent of their data.? With this stated by placing all pertinent information into one database allows personnel throughout the company to pull data that will assist in their daily duties. This data can be arranged to track the life cycle of any product from birth to grave. By tracking an item in this fashion allows us to alleviate faulty products in this process or to allevia... ... analysis with Extract, Transform, and Load (ETL), online analytical processing (OLAP) and data mining capabilities built into the data server. Additionally, we can add Oracles E-Business Suite Corporate Performance Management system that includes pre-packaged applications for measuring and monitoring business performance. Oracle brings to the table exactly what we are looking for, a proven business information tool that is capable of delivering the information that is required to give us time and accurate information. Bibliography Cindi Howson, The Best BI Tool [WWW document] URL http://www.intelligententerprise.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=21400422 Alice Dragoon, Business Intelligence Gets Smart(er) [WWW document] URL http://www.cio.com/archive/091503/smart.html Unknown, Business Intelligence and Data Warehousing in SQL Server 2005 [WWW document] URL http://www.microsoft.com/technet/prodtechnol/sql/2005/evaluate/dwsqlsy.mspx Unknown, Introducing SQL Server 2005 [WWW document] URL http://www.microsoft.com/sql/2005/default.asp Unknown, IBM, [WWW document] URL http://www.ibm.com/us/ Unknown, Oracle, [WWW document] URL http://www.oracle.com/index.html

Commercial Bank

A  commercial bank  (or  business bank) is a type of  financial institution  and  intermediary. It is a bank  that lends money and provides  transactional, savings, and money market accounts and that accepts  time deposit. Commercial banks represent the core of the credit for any national economy. In turn, the credit is the engine that put in motion the financial flows that determine growth and economic development of a nation. As a result, any efficiency in the activities of commercial banks has special implications on the entire economy.That is why we consider very useful to present an analysis of possibilities for evaluating the performance in the commercial banks. The management of every commercial bank must establish a system for assessing investment performance which suits its circumstances and needs and this evaluation must be done at consecutive intervals to ensure the achievement of the Bank's investment objectives of hand; and to know the general direction of the behaviour of investment activity in the past and therefore predictable as it in the future on the other hand.Because of the crucial role that commercial banks hold in the financial sector, this paper focuses specifically on the managing core risks is banking sector as a vital segment of the whole economy, without which no modern economy can exercise the role and own functions. ————————————————- ————————————————- Origin of the word The name  bank  derives from the  Italian  word  banco  Ã¢â‚¬Å"desk/bench†, used during the  Renaissanceera by  Florentine  bankers, who used to make their transactions above a desk covered by a green tablecloth. 2]  However, traces of banking activity can be found even in ancient times. — Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- The role of commercial banks Commercial banks engage in the following activities: * processing of payments by way of telegraphic transfer, EFTPOS, internet banking, or other means * issuing bank drafts and bank cheques * accepting money on term deposit * lending money by overdraft, installment loan, or other means * roviding documentary and standby  letter of credit, guarantees, performance bonds, securities underwriting commitments and other forms of off balance sheet exposures * safekeeping of documents and other items in safe deposit boxes * sales, distribution or brokerage, with or without advice, of: insurance, unit trusts and similar financial products as a â€Å"financial supermarket† * cash management and treasury * merchant banking  and  private equity  financing traditionally, large commercial banks also underwrite bonds, and  make markets   in currency, interest rates, and credit-related securities, but today large commercial banks usually have an  investment bank  arm that is involved in the  mentioned activities[clarify]. ————————————————- [editTypes of loans granted by commercial banks [edit]Secured loan A  secured loan  is a loan in which the borrower pledges some asset (e. g. a car or property) as  collateral  for the loan, which then becomes a secured debt owed to the creditor who gives the loan.The debt is thus secured against the collateral — in the event that the borrower defaults, the creditor takes possession of the asset used as collateral and may sell it to regain some or all of the amount originally lent to the borrower, for example, foreclosure of a home. From the creditor's perspective this is a category of debt in which a lender has been granted a portion of the bundle of rights to specified property. If the sale of the collateral does not raise enough money to pay off the debt, the creditor can often obtain a deficiency judgment against the borrower for the remaining amount.The opposite of secured debt/loan is unsecured debt, which is not connected to any specific piece of property and instead the creditor may only satisfy the debt against the borrower rather than the borrower's collateral and the borrower. A  mortgage loan  is a very common type of debt instrument, used to purchase real estate. Under this arrangement, the money is used to purchase the property. Commercial banks, however, are given security – a  lien  on the title to the house – until the mortgage is paid off in full. If the borrower  defaults  on the loan, the bank would have the legal right to epossess the house and sell it, to recover sums owing to it. In the past, commercial banks have not been greatly interested in real estate loans and have placed on ly a relatively small percentage of assets in mortgages. As their name implies, such financial institutions secured their earning primarily from commercial and consumer loans and left the major task of home financing to others. However, due to changes in banking laws and policies, commercial banks are increasingly active in home financing. Changes in banking laws now allow commercial banks to make home mortgage loans on a more liberal basis than ever before.In acquiring mortgages on real estate, these institutions follow two main practices. First, some of the banks maintain active and well-organized departments whose primary function is to compete actively for real estate loans. In areas lacking specialized real estate financial institutions, these banks become the source for residential and farm mortgage loans. Second, the banks acquire mortgages by simply purchasing them from mortgage bankers or dealers. In addition, dealer service companies, which were originally used to obtain c ar loans for permanent lenders such as commercial banks, wanted to broaden their activity beyond their local area.In recent years, however, such companies have concentrated on acquiring mobile home loans in volume for both commercial banks and savings and loan associations. Service companies obtain these loans from retail dealers, usually on a nonrecourse basis. Almost all bank/service company agreements contain a credit insurance policy that protects the lender if the consumer defaults. [edit]Unsecured loan Unsecured loans  are monetary loans that are not secured against the borrower's assets (i. e. , no  collateral  is involved). There are small businesss unsecured loans such as credit cards and credit lines to large corporate credit lines.These may be available from financial institutions under many different guises or marketing packages: * bank  overdrafts An overdraft occurs when money is withdrawn from a bank account and the available balance goes below zero. In this s ituation the account is said to be â€Å"overdrawn†. If there is a prior agreement with the account provider for an overdraft, and the amount overdrawn is within the authorized overdraft limit, then interest is normally charged at the agreed rate. If the POSITIVE balance exceeds the agreed terms, then additional fees may be charged and higher interest rates may apply. * corporate bonds credit card  debt * credit facilities or lines of credit * personal loans What makes a bank limited liability company A corporate bond is a bond issued by a corporation. It is a bond that a corporation issues to raise money in order to expand its business. [1] The term is usually applied to longer-term debt instruments, generally with a maturity date falling at least a year after their issue date. (The term â€Å"commercial paper† is sometimes used for instruments with a shorter maturity. ) Sometimes, the term â€Å"corporate bonds† is used to include all bonds except those issu ed by governments in their own currencies.Strictly speaking, however, it only applies to those issued by corporations. The bonds of local authorities and supranational organizations do not fit in either category. [clarification needed] Corporate bonds are often listed on major exchanges (bonds there are called â€Å"listed† bonds) and ECNs like Bonds. com and MarketAxess, and the coupon (i. e. interest payment) is usually taxable. Sometimes this coupon can be zero with a high redemption value. However, despite being listed on exchanges, the vast majority of trading volume in corporate bonds in most developed markets takes place in decentralized, dealer-based, over-the-counter markets.Some corporate bonds have an embedded call option that allows the issuer to redeem the debt before its maturity date. Other bonds, known as convertible bonds, allow investors to convert the bond into equity. Corporate Credit spreads may alternatively be earned in exchange for default risk through the mechanism of Credit Default Swaps which give an unfunded synthetic exposure to similar risks on the same ‘Reference Entities'. However, owing to quite volatile CDS ‘basis' the spreads on CDS and the credit spreads on corporate bonds can be significantly different. Assets and Liabilities of Commercial Banks in the United States * Glass-Steagall Act * Mortgage constant Functions of Commercial Banks Commercial bank being the financial institution performs diverse types of functions. It satisfies the financial needs of the sectors such as agriculture, industry, trade, communication, etc. That means they play very significant role in a process of economic social needs. The functions performed by banks are changing according to change in time and recently they are becoming customer centric and widening their functions. Generally the functions of commercial banks are divided into two categories viz. rimary functions and the secondary functions. The following chart simplifi es the functions of banks. Primary Functions of Commercial Banks Commercial Banks performs various primary functions some of them are given below 1 Accepting Deposits  :  Commercial bank accepts various types of deposits from public especially from its clients. It includes saving account deposits, recurring account deposits, fixed deposits, etc. These deposits are payable after a certain time period  2 Making Advances  :  The commercial banks provide loans and advances of various forms. It includes an over draft facility, cash credit, bill discounting, etc.They also give demand and demand and term loans to all types of clients against proper security. 3 Credit creation  :It is most significant function of the commercial banks. While sanctioning a loan to a customer, a bank does not provide cash to the borrower Instead it opens a deposit account from where the borrower can withdraw. In other words while sanctioning a loan a bank automatically creates deposits. This is kno wn as a credit creation from commercial bank. Secondary Functions of Commercial Banks Along with the primary functions each commercial bank has to perform several secondary functions too.It includes many agency functions or general utility functions. The secondary functions of commercial banks can be divided into agency functions and utility functions. a) Agency Functions  : Various agency functions of commercial banks are ————————————————- 1 To collect and clear cheque, dividends and interest warrant. ————————————————- 2 To make payment of rent, insurance premium, etc. ————————————————- 3 To deal in foreign exchange transactions. ——â₠¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 4 To purchase and sell securities. ———————————————— 5 To act as trusty, attorney, correspondent and executor. ————————————————- 6 To accept tax proceeds and tax returns. b) General Utility Functions  : The general utility functions of the commercial banks include ————————————————- 1 To provide safety locker facility to customers. ————————————————- 2 To provide money transfer facility. ——————à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€- 3 To issue traveller's cheque. ————————————————- To act as referees. ————————————————- 5 To accept various bills for payment e. g phone bills, gas bills, water bills, etc. ————————————————- 6 To provide merchant banking facility. ————————————————- 7 To provide various cards such as credit cards, debit cards, Smart cards, etc. Andrievskiy Wealth Management  establishes bank accounts for onshore and offshore companies and private individuals with one of the oldest banks in Switzerland, for asset management as well as for purely commercial transfers.Andrievskiy Wealth Management doesn’t charge any commissions for bank account openings. * Time period of an account opening: 7-10 days (available by mail) * Price: free of charge * Getting keys of electronic access to the account (e-banking) * Time period of getting keys: 7 days * Registering management mandate according to your strategy: 1 day * The minimum recommended amount to open a Swiss bank account is 500 000 CHF * Receiving reports: quarterly or on request Opening a Swiss bank account in the Internet age is a very easy thing to do.The main reason for opening a Swiss bank account is for the extreme security and privacy Swiss Banks uphold thanks to Swiss laws that have been in effect for over 75 years. Contrary to popular belief, opening a Swiss bank account does not always mean that you are a tax evader, criminal, or money launderer. Swiss bank accounts can protect one’s money from prying relatives, nasty divorce settlements, lawsuits, and more. Some people just want a Swiss bank account because of the allure and mystery often attached to Swiss bank accounts, but whatever your reasons it is relatively easy to find a bank and open an account.Till the end of the last century, opening a Swiss bank account may have included visiting the bank of your choice in person, paying hundreds of dollars a year in fees, and putting down a few thousand dollars as an initial deposit. As the Internet has allowed online banking to explode, you can now open a bank account at thousands of banks around the world wherever you are. Offshore bank accounts are available to anyone with money that needs a place to be kept, Swiss banks have a lot of competition these days. Sticking to trusted and insured banks is always the way to go.While most banks today have secure online banking and security features in place, a Swiss bank account comes built in with some of the strictest privac y laws in the world. Never wire money or deposit money to any site or bank without first verifying that the bank or site is secure and licensed to do banking. Making sure deposits are insured is also a good idea and be mindful that not all banks may be insured or may have deposit insurance limits. Read reviews and ask questions about the Swiss bank you choose before providing any personal information.Once you’ve found a good Swiss bank and open an account you’ll enjoy financial privacy at a level found only in Switzerland. In 1934, the Swiss passed a law that made it a criminal offense for bankers to reveal the identity of account holders. There are two reasons why this protection was reinforced: Nazi spies: The 1931 crisis led to intensified foreign exchange control in Germany. Hitler promulgated a law whereby any German with foreign capital was to be punished by death, and the Gestapo began espionage on Swiss banks. When three Germans were put to death, the Swiss gov ernment was convinced of the necessity to reinforce bank secrecy.Pressure from the French: The 1932 Basler Handelsbank affair revealed that over 2,000 members of the French elite had accounts in Switzerland. French Leftists took advantage of this to denounce the austerity program of the government. It called for legal authority over French accounts in Switzerland, but to no avail. Unlike American law where law enforcement agencies, the judicial system, and private citizens can gain access to all kinds of financial information, under Swiss law neither the bank’s officers or the its employees are allowed to reveal any information, relative to any account to anyone, including the Swiss government.No private citizen or their legal representative can ever receive any type of information about anyone’s Swiss bank account under any set of conditions. That includes all types of legal proceedings that the Swiss classify as non-criminal behavior. The Swiss consider tax evasion a political offense. Divorce, inheritance disputes and bankruptcy cases are considered private matters, and as such the secrecy of the account is protected from any legal action to verify the presence of, or attempts to seize any assets. There are some notable exceptions.The Swiss are bound by a treaty with the US to reveal accounts connected with organized crime, drug trafficking and insider trading. But the final say on revealing the identity of the account holder is up to the Swiss authorities. 7 myths about Swiss bank accounts Swiss bank accounts are only for millionaires. This is not true. The majority of our clients are not major manufacturers or movie stars, but everyday people (business people, computer engineers, civil servants, etc. ). Swiss banks are no longer only for stars. You can open a Swiss bank account with a deposit of only 5,000 Swiss francs.We even offer accounts with no minimum balance. Money invested in Switzerland yields no interest. Nothing could be more untr ue. You can invest your money worldwide from your account in Switzerland. Swiss bankers are among the best finance managers in the world, so it comes as no surprise that they manage over 35% of offshore holdings. It’s impossible to open an account in Switzerland by correspondence This is not true. Most of the accounts that we offer can be opened by correspondence as long as you comply with our opening procedures and provide us with the necessary documents.What is more, your banking relations can be conducted by correspondence, using the telephone, Internet banking, bank transfer and credit cards. That said, we encourage our customers to meet with their banker at least once in order to get acquainted and see where their money is held. Swiss bank accounts are very expensive to maintain This is not true. Most of the accounts we open don’t charge a cent in annual fees. Even if you would like additional services such as retained correspondence or numbered banking relations, the annual fees are very reasonable.It is difficult to close a Swiss bank account On the contrary. You can close your account in Switzerland whenever you wish and without any restriction. You will pay no financial penalty. If need be, you will just have to realize your investments. Contrary to many onshore banking practices, your money is not held hostage by Swiss banks. Swiss bank accounts attract only criminals and dictators Not true! The vast majority of Swiss bank account holders are honest people who want to keep their savings in a country renowned for its stability.Swiss banks are extremely cautious regarding politicians who wish to open an account and they systematically refuse to accept any money that is of dubious origin or poorly founded. Numbered accounts are anonymous There are no anonymous accounts in Switzerland. A numbered account is an account that is identified solely by a number, rather than a name, in order to preserve the strictest confidentiality possible durin g teller transactions or bank transfers. Only the bank manager and a few select people know the identity of numbered account holders. There exist two different types Swiss bank accounts.The first is accessible to (almost) anyone. Such an account will offer credit and debit cards, checking or whatever else you may want in a bank account. Opening such an account can be done in person–some Swiss banks have branches here in the US–or by mail. Then there are the Swiss bank accounts you’ve heard about from the movies. These are the numbered accounts, the ones with minimum balances anywhere from $100,000 to $1 million. It’s known as private banking and it’s reserved for folks who have a lot of assets to manage and who demand a lot of service.The services you receive at a private bank focus on private counseling in aspects of wealth management including investments, tax concerns, and estate planning. The numbered accounts aren’t anonymous, but only a few people know the name of the account holder and Swiss law forbids them from revealing it to most anyone. They can’t acknowledge that you have an account, give out the name of a numbered account holder or reveal any information about the transactions of any account holder. Generally, numbered accounts must be opened in person, though lawyers and/or brokers can perform this service for you by mail.Your signature and identity have to be authenticated by a notary public or consul, depending on circumstances. If you’ve got the money and want to open such account, here are links to the private banking departments of some well known Swiss banks: Ask Dr. Econ July 2001 What Is the Economic Function of a Bank? Commercial banks play an important role in the financial system and the economy. As a key component of the financial system, banks allocate funds from savers to borrowers in an efficient manner. They provide specialized financial services, which reduce the cost of ob taining information about both savings and borrowing opportunities.These financial services help to make the overall economy more efficient. Imagine a World Without Banks One way to answer your question is to imagine, for a moment, a world without banking institutions, and then to ask yourself a few questions. This is not just an academic exercise; many former eastern-block nations began facing this question when they began to create financial markets and develop market-oriented banks and other financial institutions. If there were no banks†¦ * Where would you go to borrow money? * What would you do with your savings? * Would you be able to borrow (save) as much as you need, when you need t, in a form that would be convenient for you? * What risks might you face as a saver (borrower)? How Banks Work Banks operate by borrowing funds-usually by accepting deposits or by borrowing in the money markets. Banks borrow from individuals, businesses, financial institutions, and governmen ts with surplus funds (savings). They then use those deposits and borrowed funds (liabilities of the bank) to make loans or to purchase securities (assets of the bank). Banks make these loans to businesses, other financial institutions, individuals, and governments (that need the funds for investments or other purposes).Interest rates provide the price signals for borrowers, lenders, and banks. Through the process of taking deposits, making loans, and responding to interest rate signals, the banking system helps channel funds from savers to borrowers in an efficient manner. Savers range from an individual with a $1,000 certificate of deposit to a corporation with millions of dollars in temporary savings. Banks also service a wide array of borrowers, from an individual who takes a loan of $100 on a credit card to a major corporation financing a billion-dollar corporate merger.The table below provides a June 2001 snapshot of the balance sheet for the entire U. S. commercial banking in dustry. It shows that the bulk of banks' sources of funds comes from deposits – checking, savings, money market deposit accounts, and time certificates. The most common uses of these funds are to make real estate and commercial and industrial loans. Individual banks' asset and liability composition may vary widely from the industry figures, because some institutions provide specialized or limited banking services. Banks Are Only One Type of Financial Intermediary Finally, the U.S. financial services industry and financial markets are highly developed. In recent decades, many new products and services have been created, as well as new financial instruments and institutions. Today, in addition to banks, there are several other important types of financial intermediaries. These include savings institutions, credit unions, insurance companies, mutual funds, pension funds, finance companies, and real estate investment trusts (REITS). Banks' assets have grown in recent decades in a bsolute terms; however, banks have tended to lose market share to even aster growing intermediaries such as pension funds and mutual funds. Still, banks continue to account for a significant share-over 23 percent-of the assets of all financial intermediaries at the end of year 2000, as the chart below shows. The main functions of commercial banks are accepting deposits from the public and advancing them loans. However, besides these functions there are many other functions which these banks perform. All these functions can be divided under the following heads: 1. Accepting deposits 2. Giving loans 3. Overdraft 4. Discounting of Bills of Exchange . Investment of Funds 6. Agency Functions 7. Miscellaneous Functions 1. Accepting Deposits: The most important function of commercial banks is to accept deposits from the public. Various sections of society, according to their needs and economic condition, deposit their savings with the banks. For example, fixed and low income group people d eposit their savings in small amounts from the points of view of security, income and saving promotion. On the other hand, traders and businessmen deposit their savings in the banks for the convenience of payment.Therefore, keeping the needs and interests of various sections of society, banks formulate various deposit schemes. Generally, there ire three types of deposits which are as follows: (i)  Current Deposits: The depositors of such deposits can withdraw and deposit money whenever they desire. Since banks have to keep the deposited amount of such accounts in cash always, they carry either no interest or very low rate of interest. These deposits are called as Demand Deposits because these can be demanded or withdrawn by the depositors at any time they want.Such deposit accounts are highly useful for traders and big business firms because they have to make payments and accept payments many times in a day. (ii)  Fixed Deposits: These are the deposits which are deposited for a definite period of time. This period is generally not less than one year and, therefore, these are called as long term deposits. These deposits cannot be withdrawn before the expiry of the stipulated time and, therefore, these are also called as time deposits. These deposits generally carry a higher rate of interest because banks can use these deposits for a definite time without having the fear of being withdrawn. iii)  Saving Deposits: In such deposits, money upto a certain limit can be deposited and withdrawn once or twice in a week. On such deposits, the rate of interest is very less. As is evident from the name of such deposits their main objective is to mobilise small savings in the form of deposits. These deposits are generally done by salaried people and the people who have fixed and less income. 2. Giving Loans: The second important function of commercial banks is to advance loans to its customers. Banks charge interest from the borrowers and this is the main source of th eir income.Banks advance loans not only on the basis of the deposits of the public rather they also advance loans on the basis of depositing the money in the accounts of borrowers. In other words, they create loans out of deposits and deposits out of loans. This is called as credit creation by commercial banks. Modern banks give mostly secured loans for productive purposes. In other words, at the time of advancing loans, they demand proper security or collateral. Generally, the value of security or collateral is equal to the amount of loan.This is done mainly with a view to recover the loan money by selling the security in the event of non-refund of the loan. At limes, banks give loan on the basis of personal security also. Therefore, such loans are called as unsecured loan. Banks generally give following types of loans and advances: (i)  Cash Credit: In this type of credit scheme, banks advance loans to its customers on the basis of bonds, inventories and other approved securitie s. Under this scheme, banks enter into an agreement with its customers to which money can e withdrawn many times during a year. Under this set up banks open accounts of their customers and deposit the loan money. With this type of loan, credit is created. (iii)  Demand loans: These are such loans that can be recalled on demand by the banks. The entire loan amount is paid in lump sum by crediting it to the loan account of the borrower, and thus entire loan becomes chargeable to interest with immediate effect. (iv)  Short-term loan: These loans may be given as personal loans, loans to finance working capital or as priority sector advances.These are made against some security and entire loan amount is transferred to the loan account of the borrower. 3. Over-Draft: Banks advance loans to its customer’s upto a certain amount through over-drafts, if there are no deposits in the current account. For this banks demand a security from the customers and charge very high rate of int erest. 4. Discounting of Bills of Exchange: This is the most prevalent and important method of advancing loans to the traders for short-term purposes. Under this system, banks advance loans to the traders and business firms by discounting their bills.In this way, businessmen get loans on the basis of their bills of exchange before the time of their maturity. 5. Investment of Funds: The banks invest their surplus funds in three types of securities—Government securities, other approved securities and other securities. Government securities include both, central and state governments, such as treasury bills, national savings certificate etc. Other securities include securities of state associated bodies like electricity boards, housing boards, debentures of Land Development Banks units of UTI, shares of Regional Rural banks etc. 6.Agency Functions: Banks function in the form of agents and representatives of their customers. Customers give their consent for performing such functi ons. The important functions of these types are as follows: (i) Banks collect cheques, drafts, bills of exchange and dividends of the shares for their customers. (ii) Banks make payment for their clients and at times accept the bills of exchange: of their customers for which payment is made at the fixed time. (iii) Banks pay insurance premium of their customers. Besides this, they also deposit loan installments, income-tax, interest etc. s per directions. (iv) Banks purchase and sell securities, shares and debentures on behalf of their customers. (v) Banks arrange to send money from one place to another for the convenience of their customers. 7. Miscellaneous Functions: Besides the functions mentioned above, banks perform many other functions of general utility which are as follows: (i) Banks make arrangement of lockers for the safe custody of valuable assets of their customers such as gold, silver, legal documents etc. (ii) Banks give reference for their customers. iii) Banks colle ct necessary and useful statistics relating to trade and industry. (iv) For facilitating foreign trade, banks undertake to sell and purchase foreign exchange. (v) Banks advise their clients relating to investment decisions as specialist (vi) Bank does the under-writing of shares and debentures also. (vii) Banks issue letters of credit. (viii) During natural calamities, banks are highly useful in mobilizing funds and donations. (ix) Banks provide loans for consumer durables like Car, Air-conditioner, and Fridge etc.