Coffee Consumption Digestive Tract Cancers -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Coffee Consumption Digestive Tract Cancers? Answer: Introducation The primary outcome of the study had been to explore the overall risk factors, both multivariate and relative, due to excessive caffeine consumption and its impact on the digestive tract carcinogenesis. The study took into consideration different cases involving 1944 control subjects in total, with 1334 males and 610 females. Out of the total number of control subjects, 38% were admitted due to traumatic conditions, 15% had non- traumatic orthopaedic disorders, 34% had had acute surgical conditions, and 13% had other unrelated illnesses. The appropriateness of the control samples can be justified by the fact that none of the control subjects had neither existent malignancy nor digestive tract disorders; hence the outcome of the research can be authentically explored. The limitations can be the fact that investigators excluded all chronic and the digestive tract disorder from the comparison group. There had been 455 case subjects with colon cancer, and the multivariate risks associated with coffee consumption was 0.64. However, the research study discovered significant inverse trends in the risk factor in relation to coffee consumption in case of colon cancer recipients. The strength of the control set for colon cancer had been the fact that there had been no noticeable interaction between coffee consumption with references to colon cancer, the strengths are that it provides an opportunity for obtaining a pattern of risks for different digestive tract neoplasms, for which the stat for protection was much higher than any other cancer type. The limitations are that the investigators excluded all chronic and the digestive tract disorder from the comparison group. Use of coffee is the only exposure factor which is used to show a positive relationship with the colorectal cancer. Results demonstrate that there were noteworthy inverse patterns detected for coffee consumption in relation to the possibility of the colon cancer (multivariate relative hazard, 0.64) and rectum (relative hazard, 0.66). The protection however was higher in case of the colon cancer and less apparent in case of rectal cancer. Moreover, in case of the rectal cancer, the neoplasm protection was restricted to males, of younger age groups. The relationship between coffee drinking and diseases of the colon and rectum was additionally inspected in particular strata of age, sex, and other major covariates. The bias which I can found after reading this study is that the investigators had taken 1334 males and 610 females. The type of in this article is the sampling bias. A bias in the case control study is harmful as it may cause inaccuracy in the assessment. It also causes harms to the relationship and results in the disturbance in the relationship between the risk factor and the disease. The sampling bias is a type of systemic error caused due non-random selection of the population, which causes the differentiation in the selection of the sample. Malignancy is associated with many risk factors, such as smoking and drinking which had been adjusted in the result of the research study. However, the impact of smoking and drinking had been omitted as confounders due to the fact that both these factors have already been established as carcinogenic. This study explored the effect of coffee consumption and its relation to the process of carcinogenesis of the digestive tract. As the results of the study clearly indicated at the lack of any association of coffee consumption and increase in the risk factor with carcinogenesis, I trust the verdict unequivocally. The research design of the study is qualitative cohort analysis. This study explores the correlation between consumption of coffee along with meat, milk, cheese, eggs and green salad with possibility of fatal colon or colorectal cancer. The participants those were selected are 27,829 peoples from the California Seventh-Day Adventists. They were followed up for 21 years and was found that cheese, meat, milk or green salad does not have any relationship with the cancer but use of egg and coffee causes cancer. The primary outcome of the study was to discover the influence of dietary choices involving the said components on the mortality rates associated with colon or colorectal cancer. There were two groups of exposure of colorectal cancer studied in the article, light and heavy exposure. The difference as evaluated in terms of relative risks. For meat, cheese, milk and green salad, there were no relative risks discovered. In case of eggs, the relative risk had been higher for fatal colon cancer; coffee use was associated with the risks for both colon and colorectal cancer. The strength of the exposure analysis was that it had Adventist population as sample and evaluated the differential exposure with dose-response relationship. The limitations were the use of self-administered questionnaires, accuracy of the actual cause of death, and incidence rates of colorectal cancers. Results indicated that lack of any significant relationship between the use of meat or poultry and death from either colon or rectal cancer considered alone or in combination. Consumption of eggs was associated with fatal colon cancer, with relative risks 1.6 and 1.7 for males and females respectively. Coffee consumption was associated with both colon and colorectal cancer especially for males with a relative risk of 3.5. There is a significant bias in the study, the questionnaires were self administered which opens up the possibility of extreme bias, where as recall bias has also been associated with the study. The types of bias for a cohort study are selection bias, follow up bias and preventing loss to follow up bias. Selection bias may occur if the choice of the subjects in a cohort study is not related to the topic. The only way for preventing the loss to follow up is by maintaining the follow up rates. According to Vecchia et al., cases and controls originated from well practically identical catchment territories, they were met in a comparable setting. It has been appeared, for example, that patients conceded for unending illnesses tend to report bring down espresso utilization than those in healing center for intense conditions. While Philips and Snowdon, trust that Coffee utilize was the main presentation variable which reliably demonstrated a significant positive association with both colon and rectal growth in the two guys and females. There is a significant difference between the findings of both studies, whereas the study by Vecchia et al indicated coffee consumption to be completely unrelated with the possibility of colon cancer, the study by Phillip et al indicated coffee to be a significant risk factor for colon and colorectal cancer. However, the difference in the findings in both the article can be due to the exposure statistics, where the article by Vecchia et al only concentrated on the consumption of coffee, the one by Phillip et al, included several other variables as risk factors which may have clouded the verdict to some extent. Moreover the sampling design is also a bit different in both of the studies, the study by Vecchia et al, eliminated all possible confounding factors to ensure that minimal bias is introduced in the article. Whereas in the article by Phillip et al, the sampling population had been Adventist and the exposure was studied in terms of dose response, hence the verdict can be differen t due to the introduction of dose-response mode of evaluation as well. References: La Vecchia, C., Ferraroni, M., Negri, E., D'Avanzo, B., Decarli, A., Levi, F., Franceschi, S. (1989). Coffee consumption and digestive tract cancers. Cancer Research, 49(4), 1049-1051. Phillips, R. L., Snowdon, D. A. (1985). Dietary Relationships With Fatal Colorectal Cancer Among Seventh-Day Adventists 2. Journal of the National Cancer Institute, 74(2), 307-317.